The Use Of Blood Pressure And The Aortic Stiffness

Abstract The pulsatile component of blood pressure has received notable awareness as an important hazard for cardiovascular disease. To anticipate the cardio vascular events central blood pressure measurement plays an important role. If the blood vessel are of high compliance or low stiffness, the pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessel or arteries during the systole is the lowest. But due to wave reflection, the blood pressure in the upper limb does not provide the central blood pressure. Therefore, modern researchers are deeply interested to find a noninvasive method of measuring central blood pressure and the aortic stiffness.†¦show more content†¦Some researcher has suggested that Pulse wave velocity(PWV) method is the convenient way to measure arterial stiffness. But System for measuring of PWV is not accurate. So therefore, it is necessary to increase accuracy by enlargement of sampling rate and distance between sensors for improving the system so that this could be a useful outcome for diagnostic purpose. However, the time delay between backward and forward waves in the central aorta may lead to the prominent feature of backward waves near central blood pressure. In this review we will conceived the methods for improved PWV estimation from central and peripheral blood pressure. The basic scientific principles of Pulse wave velocity through the arterial tree dates back to 1808 with the work of Thomas Young(an English polymath and physician).The relationship between pulse wave velocity (PWV) and arterial wall stiffness is basically calculated from first principles from Newton s second law of motion; F=ma. In clinical diagnosis, several factors are used to measure the artificial stiffness and it was the European society of hypertension who first recognised that PWV is the integral factor of diagnosis and treatment. Methodology This pressure and flow waves in the blood vessel or arteries are measured by a phase velocity which is known as Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV). PWV is defined as speed of energy wave

Essay on The Great Depression in the United States

The United States? Downfall Screams, tears, and cries for help were all part of Americas downfall. From 1929 through 1941 there was only one thing that was plentiful, sorrow. During this time the United States was faced with another obstacle. It changed America in many ways. One hard struggle lead to the next. The later events all started with the crash of the stock market. This period can only be explained by its name. So, the stock market crash in the United States caused businesses to close, banks to fall, and many people to become unemployed, causing this twelve-year period of suffering to become known as ?The Great Depression?. As stated by Nelson Cary in his overview of the Great Depression, ?the core of the problem was†¦show more content†¦In this time, women, men, and children had to pitch in order to survive. The women of this time took on jobs and did work. They sold apples, potatoes, and other items grown from their gardens to provide for the family. The children of this time were not like children today. They had greater responsibility around the house since their mothers were out working. They had to watch younger siblings. Some of them even took jobs. They would get up hours before dawn and sell papers. They had many tricks to earn even more money. They would say they did not have change, yell false news, and go door to door selling the newspapers. For the men in the family they had a hard decision to make. They could stay at home and hope to find small jobs or join a work camp. The government tried to help bring money to the family unit. There was a group named the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) who would bring relief for young men between 18 and 25. They would take these jobless men to work camps across the country. They would make about $30 a month. While there they would do conservation projects such as planting trees, compact soil erosion, and maintaining national forests. They also eliminated steam pollution, c reated fish, game, and bird sanctuaries, and conserved coal, petroleum, shale, gas, sodium, and helium deposits. Even this program caused problems at times, though. Sometimes, the men would never send the money back home. In fact,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of The United States857 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States has been through many wars and confrontations with other countries since its founding in 1776. Many lives were lost and many names forgotten. World war two was one of those wars. â€Å"The good war† as they called it, was a fight that was fought between the leading powers of the world. The First World War ended only 21 years prior to the beginning of this war in 1939. The citizens of the United States were set on not entering another war and losing more family and friends. World warRead MoreThe United States And The Great Depression Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States was forever changed during the 1930s. The United States had just come out of a period of unprecedented wealth. Farmers had abundance of crops, many were investing all of their paycheck into the stock market, and banking-business practices had not changed since the Industrial Era. Many of these factors contributed to the Great Depression. Americans felt as if they were immune to any economic downturn; however by 1932, one in four American â€Å"breadwinners† were out of work. On OctoberRead MoreThe United States And The Great Depression1402 Words   |  6 Pagescolonized by Great Britain, is still considered a western country. That along with the interconnectedness of a globalized economy makes it so that Australia is still affected, both positively and negatively, by the changes of the United States and Britain. Such was the case when the United States suffered wh at is now known as the great depression in 1929. The great depression spread throughout most western countries and beyond and Australia was no exception. Australia was hit with the depression not longRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The United States1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression in the United States triggered when the American stock market crashed, causing America’s economy to have a downturn. The two long-term causes of the Great Depression were the stock market and consumer spending. When the prices were rising and wages became stagnant, people started to buy with credit and slowly reduced the amount they spent. The stock market was one of the long-term causes of the Great Depression because of speculation and abusing the stock market. SpeculationRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The United States902 Words   |  4 Pagesthe envy of the world. In the 1960’s the medical facilities in the United States employed more people than the auto industry that served a population where one out of eight would be admitted annually (Stevens, 1996). These marvelous facilities contained air condition, artificial lighting, electric beds, carpeted private rooms, sterile supply services, advanced laboratories, and pneumatic tube systems. The infrastructure was great and it supported a population where more than 70 percent had hospitalRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The United States922 Words   |  4 Pagesconversion of sinners to Christianity. Paragraph on Marian Apparitions, the 9 sites One of these modern apparitions of the Virgin Mother was in Banneux, Belgium in 1933. 1929 saw the Wallstreet Crash in the United States which prompted the Great Depression. This dramatic downfall of the United States’ economy had repercussions in Europe, which lead to large unemployment rates and poverty. The global climate at the time would’ve socially and financially affected this small farming village. If the villageRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The United States Essay2205 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Depression in the United States started on October 29, 1929, a day referred to always after as Dark Tuesday, when the American securities exchange smashed in the wake of being on the ascent for over 10 years. Banks fizzled, the country s cash supply lessened, and organizations went bankrupt and started to terminate their specialists by the thousand. Then, President Herbert Hoover who was the president at the time promised to be patient and let the time frame run its course. He citedRead MoreThe Great Depression Effects On The United States2949 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"The Great Depression was the most severe, prolonged economic crisis in American History. It displaced thousands of families, created hardships for millions of people, shaped an entire generation, and reshaped the way Americans viewed the role of their government,† (Cravens). Although the Great Depression had devastating effects on the United States, its impacts on family life and structure were the most devastating. Children had to take on more responsibilities by attempting to find jobs in a marketRead MoreCauses and Effects of The Great Depression in the United States1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Depression is a defining moment in time for not only American, but world history. This was a time that caused political, economical, and social unrest. Not only did the Great Depression cause a world wide panic, it also caused a world wide crisis unlike any before it. This paper will analyze both the causes and the effects of the Great Depression in the United States of America. One cause of the depression is the effects of World War One. World War one had many devastating effects onRead MoreThe United States Economy During The Great Depression1464 Words   |  6 Pages The United States economy has never been as great nor as equal as it was during the late 1940s-1970s, a period commonly known as the Great Compression. It is extremely ironic that the United States economy boomed and strived after only a few years succeeding the Great Depression. One may ask what stirred this dramatic change from a damaged economy to one that was striving and strong in so little time. To answer this question, one must look closely at the history of the United States economy. To

Critical Evaluation of the Contribution

Question: Discuss about the Critical Evaluation of the Contribution of Current Marketing Management Theory and Practice. Answer: Evaluation of the strengths of Ferrero Rochers approach in delivering value There are several significant approaches of Ferrero Rocher which have significantly supported the organisation in having a strong global presence and extended market share. But it is also essential to evaluate that whether these approaches helped the organisation in delivering appropriate value to its product Ferrero rocher chocolate or not. The following is the evaluation of the strengths of Ferrero Rochers approaches in respect with various marketing theories, philosophies and concepts: Innovation Innovation is the biggest approach of Ferrero Rocher. The company takes use of highly innovated strategies and procedures for the continuous development of the products (ferreroindia, 2009). As per the innovation philosophy of marketing, the individuals at the organization are considered as the central part of the company. There is employee involvement in the development and research for generating new and innovative ideas for best fitting the needs of the market (Kanagal, 2015).In a similar way, Ferrero Rocher also have high involvement and engagement of its workforce for achieve innovative practices in the organisation. The company has spent around $57 million recently in India for having noteworthy innovations in the production and distribution of Ferrero rocher chocolate in Indian market (Malviya, 2015). The company also invests in research and development department so that there can be attained innovativeness in its business operations and the company can attain great competiti ve advantages. Thus, as per the innovative marketing orientation, Ferrero rocher chocolate is a successful and recognized brand name (ferreroindia, 2009). Global Expansion As per the globalization theory of marketing and holistic marketing approach, it is essential that in such a competitive market, the companies must globalize their business so that they can achieve long-term sustainability (Gary, 2014). Ferrero Rocher follows this marketing approach in a very thoughtful manner. There are approximately twenty eight countries which have the presence of Ferroro Rocher chocolate (ferrero, 2016). In all these countries, the company effectively supplies its chocolate (Stiff, 2006). It shows that globalization which is the biggest approach of the company is based upon the marketing concept of holistic marketing and with this combined approaches; the company attain huge success and growth (Cambieri, 2011). Brand Equity Ferrero Rocher possesses high brand equity as the organizational brand is well-known and recognized across the world. This brand equity is the key approach of the company as the customers facilitate by the visibility and competency of the brand in the FMCG confectionery industry. In the marketing concepts, brand equity is one of the major concepts which depict that to achieve high recognition and improved sustainability, it is necessary for an organisation to build strong brand equity in the market. The stronger the brand equity is, the greater is the visibility of the organisation and its products and services (Sharma, Davcik and Pillai, 2016). Therefore by evaluating the strength of Ferrero Rocher over the grounds of marketing concept, it can be analyzed that the company is high in delivering value to its customers (economictimes, 2013). Consumer Centric One of the approaches of Ferrero Rocher is that the products are manufactured in such a way that they are extremely customer centric, specially the Ferrero rocher chocolate. The customers get a direct satisfaction to their needs and demands by consuming Ferrero rocher chocolate. In marketing, it is vital to deliver the customer centric products and services as per the marketing concept of 4Cs (Ali, Ilyas and Rehman, 2016).The customer is the key factor which can either build or destroy any brand. Therefore, it is essential to have complete focus upon the requirements of the customers. The Ferrero rocher chocolates are manufacture after performing an in-depth analysis and evaluation of the specific markets and the market demands. It results into identification of the actual needs of the diverse consumer group, so that, the can be met in a successful manner. It is also one of the aspects of relationship marketing, where the company first develops an association with the customers, iden tify their needs and demands and then deliver chocolates which satisfy their demands at the most. It helps in developing a reliable association with the customers (misbbocconi, 2016). Differentiation and high quality As per the theory of industrial organisation and one of the marketing mix approaches, it is analyzed that if the customers get the high quality of products and desirable experience then in that case, the customers are ready to pay high and premium prices of the products too because of the differentiated products they are receiving (Davcik and Sharma, 2015). Ferrero also implements differentiate marketing approach so that the customers can get a diverse set of experience from the products of Ferrero. This diversification strategy is one of the chief approaches of the company which helps the organisation in delivering the products in a differentiated form. As per this differentiated philosophy, it can be understand that each customer is different (Progressive Grocer Bureau, 2015). Therefore, number of time the companies have to take use of differentiated strategy. Ferrero delivers products by taking use of differentiated marketing approach. The quality of the products of Ferrero rocher chocolates are much high which differentiate its products from other competitors services and products (pressreader, 2015). Limited but vigorous product portfolio There are limited numbers of products under the umbrella of Ferreros brand. The limited but vigorous and strong product portfolio is the key approach of the organisation. Because of such strong brands Ferrero has gained global recognition (ferrero, 2016). Brand sustainability marketing is one of the major concepts of marketing which shows that the organisation is working over building a strong internal marketing approach with its existing brand. By delivering such recognized product, Ferrero is able to strengthen is internal marketing and with this there is attainment of several competitive advantages (Chun, 2015). Hence it can be stated that there is effective delivery of value from the limited but strong product portfolio of Ferrero to the customers. Marketing, Promotion and Brandings As per the classic marketing theory, the organisations must have their complete focus over these three elements, i.e. effective marketing, high promotion and strong branding. With all these three key elements, the organisations can significantly deliver high value to the customer (Medway and Warnaby, 2014). The focused and robust marketing, promotion and branding are the major approaches of Ferrero. The company is well-known for its promotional activities which takes place across the world. Ranging from television advertisements to great marketing campaigns, Ferrero rocher chocolate is well recognized for its efficient marketing and branding. By evaluating the strength of the company over the grounds of classic marketing theory, it can be stated that the company put enormous efforts in increasing the brand visibility and delivering high value. From the concept of social marketing, it is analyzed that, Ferrero has its strong presence over various social media platforms as well as the company takes efficient use of the social media platform for the marketing of its products. Distribution and supply channel Ferrero possesses a strong and lengthy supplier and distribution network. There are approximately authorized distributors in over 160 nations which together have built such a vigorous distribution network in the company (ferrero, 2016). It is a key and vital approach of Ferrero which enables the faster supply of products and extended international reach of the companys products. Because of such high number of suppliers, there is achieved great customer base across the world. Evaluating from the perspectives of the concept of marketing network, it can be identified that Ferrero has a strong reach in new and untapped markets too which helps the organisation delivering increased value to the customers of all areas and regions irrespective of the dimension and density of population. (Sarkar, D.N., Kundu, K. and Chaudhuri, H.R., 2016). Dynamics and trends within the marketing environment identifying the key factors that could positively or negatively affect In the external marketing environment, there are several key factors which may have a negative or a positive affect over the performance, sales and revenues of Ferrero Rocher. Following are those key factors: Competitive Factors In the marketing environment, the most dynamic trend or key factor which impacts the performance of an organisation is the competitive factors. There are several competitive factors such as new sales channels, trade terms, promotional incentives, pricing, etc. These factors pose both a positive as well as negative impact upon the organizational performance. The positive impact over Ferrero of these factors can be explained as that because of high competition, Ferrero takes use of innovation and this innovative feature in its preimary product i.e. ferrero rocher chocolate and it has provided several competitive benefits to the company. The continuous global expansion and high sales through internet channel are also the effects of the rising competition in the market. If there would be no competition in the FMCG confectionery sector then Ferrero has not taken use of such strategies. On the other hand the negative impact can be explained as because of high competition, it becomes essent ial for the company to revise the prices of its products otherwise the competitors would capture the market. Hence, the reduced prices decline the profit margin of the company (Palacios-Marqus, Soto-Acosta and Merig, 2015). Financial Factors The next key factor which impacts the performance of an organisation is the financial factors. There are several financial factors such as financing plans, investment, requirements of cash for the current operations, repurchase activities, acquisitions, cash flow expectations, etc. These factors impose both a positive as well as negative impact upon the organizational performance. The positive impact over Ferrero Rocher of these factors can be explained as that if there are increased numbers of investors, or there is more inflow of cash, then it results into high liquidity which provides several benefits to the company. By effective financial planning, Ferrero can attain a proper ratio of sales and can have reduced expenditures. But on the other hand, the negative impact can be explained as that if the investors have broken their partnership or there is more cash outflow. Then it will result into reduced availability of cash and will restrict the company in performing its operation i n an effective manner. A poor financial planning can quench the organisation and can mark it as a failure in the history of the organisation (Baos-Caballero, Garca-Teruel and Martnez-Solano, 2014). Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the adequacy of the financial factors as with the changing market, there are also several changes required to be done in this factor. Employee-related Factors The next significant factor which impacts the performance of an organisation is the employee-related factors. There are numerous employee-related factors such as mortality, retirement age, turnover, retention rate, health care cost, and expected return over human assets, etc. These factors levy both a positive as well as negative influence upon the organizational effectiveness. The positive impact over Ferrero of these factors can be explained as that if the employees have a long-term connection with the company and the retention rate of the workforce is high then it will help the company in saving numerous costs of recruitment and other employee related expenditure. The repetitive cost of training are also saved as the existing employees already have an efficient knowledge of all the operations. But these factors also have negative implications such as, because of high market volatility and competition if the employees leave the company, then the attrition rate of the employees will be high (Malik, Butt and Choi, 2015). This will affect Ferrero in various ways such as the brand has to invest both its time and capital to recruit and train new employees. The brand also has to bear several health related costs for having an efficient and productive workforce. Therefore all these employee-related factors affect the performance and productivity of Ferrero. Economic Factors Economic factors are the one of the most crucial factors which has a high dynamicity with the changing market environment. These factors are directly related with the organizational performance. The economic factors includes disruptions, economic and political uncertainties, economic growth, different rates of inflation, changing currency values, etc. (Borner, Brunetti and Weder, 2016).All these factors affect Ferrero Rocher in both ways i.e. negative as well as positive. The positive impact can be understand as if there if increasing and rapid economic growth or there is positive change in the currency value, then it will boost the sales and business of the company. The economic growth escalates the sales of the products which results into high profits. Whereas on the negative side, these factors can weaken the company as there is high inflation in the economy or there is negative change in the currency values or the nation faces a political instability, then all these factors decre ase the buying power of the consumers. It ultimately results into squat sales and declined profits. Therefore, it is essential that these factors must be forecasted so that the company can prepare itself by developing appropriate strategies. Social Factors Another vital factor which affects the performance of the company is the social factors. The social factors include the corporate social responsibility, sustainable practices, etc. there are positive impacts of these factors as Ferrero is a well-known name in maintain high corporate social responsibility. The company takes number of initiatives to uplift the society and develop the living standard of the masses (ferrerocsr, 2015). Therefore, it has helped Ferrero in building a sustainable environment and supported the organisation to attain high customer base and governmental support. But if in any case there is declined in such CSR activities, then it will suddenly deteriorates the image of the company for not able to fulfilling its promises and social undertakings (Saeidi, et al., 2015). Other Factors There are numerous other factors which have significant impact on the organizational performance, productivity and efficiency. These factors includes, natural disasters, terrorist activity, macroeconomic environment of the nations, operating plans, market share, underlying product life cycles, brand history, market share, etc. Some of these factors have a positive impact such as Ferrero Rocher holds a strong brand history which enables the customers to rely and trust over the brand without any advertisements or other promotional things. The high market share of the company impacts the buying tendency of the customers and thus there are upsurge sales and high revenues earned by the company. On the other hand, there are negative implications such as, the undesirable change in the macroeconomic environment of the nations or the probability of taking place natural disasters or terrorist attacks then it adversely impacts the sales of the company (Elyasiani, Mester and Pagano, 2014). There fore, having an insightful knowledge of these factors is must for marinating the organisational sustainability and efficient performance of the company. Recommendations to increase profitability, market share, and the sustainability of Ferrero Rocher Chocolate Ferrero has gained a strong market share, sales and revenue in the last few decades. The organisation and the sales of the ferrero rocher chocolate is rising rapidly with continuous success and global expansion. In the year 2014-15, the brand has shown a consolidated turnover of around 9,542 million Euros which shows a significant rise of 13.4 percent as compared to the last year results, which reported 8,412 million Euros as the consolidated turnover (ferrero, 2016). But still there are few places over which the company is required to improve itself for achieving increased market share and upsurge revenues. Following are few recommendations which can help the company it attaining a better strategic view and improved sales in eth upcoming future: Recommendations on Segmentation Targeting and Positioning (STP) strategy of Ferrero Rocher The STP strategy of Ferrero Rocher chocolate is extremely potential and strong as the company segmented is market on the basis of demographic and psychographic factors such as youngsters, children and adults are the main target customers of the brand. It also segments on the basis of income group, lifestyle etc. but still it recommended to Ferrero to revise its STP strategy and laid focus upon targeting the untapped and medium range markets by positioning its products in those regions. One of such successful example in the FMCG confectionery sector of regional marketing is Cadbury Dairy milk (forbes, 2011). The urban and the regional marketing is one of the fastest developing segments in the FMCG industry. Therefore, it recommended that Ferrero should also extend its reach in the untapped urban and regional markets and achieve high market share and growth (Neuwirth, 2014). Recommendations regarding brand building Ferrero Rocher is a successful and recognized brand because of its high brand visibility. But in the FMCG confectionery sector, it is necessary to enhance brand building even now and then. The consumers used to forget a brand because of the fact that there are several new entrants in the market as well as the existing competitors lays own high pressure over the brand building concept. The major examples in the FMCG sector who have attained high profits by effective brand building are Cadbury and Nestle. These brands have gained an extended market share with potential brand building strategies. Therefore, it is recommended to Ferrero to have continuous efforts over the strong brand building of eth company across the world so that the people can facilitate and become potential customers of the company. Shaping the market offering and marketing metrics Ferrero Rocher is considered as one of the market leaders in the FMCG confectionery industry because of its extensive brand recognition, long history, high quality and global presence. But it is also essential for the companies to have an appropriate marketing metrics as well as well-structured market offerings. Ferrero has developed plans for shaping its market offering but still there are rooms for effective marketing metrics. One of the successful examples in this segment is Nestle. The company as a well structure marketing metrics which provides efficient growth and sales to the company a Nestle can effectively distribute its efforts. Thus, it is recommended to Ferrero that it should develop and implement a strategic and vigorous marketing metrics for the future coming period. Strong and vigorous operational and financial planning The effective the financial planning of a company is, the greater is the probability of success and development. Operational, as well as, financial planning are the two main sources of any organisation to achieve continuous success. Ferrero has strong operational and financial planning but there are times when a company needs some strategic interpretation in these planning. One of the recognized examples of resourceful and efficient operational management is Nestle (Ngonga, 2011). The company has its high focus upon the quality management, capacity and process design, layout strategy, job design, financial cash flows, etc. all these have supported Nestle in developing an international brand. Therefore, it is recommended to Ferero that it should have high focus upon strategic operational and financial planning of the business for enjoying the market leadership. More of green and sustainable practices The primary vision and mission of ferrero rocher is to have sustainable marketing practices of production and marketing so that the consumers can get fresh, high quality and safe offerings. Across the world, the company is known for its significant innovation, quality and safe research practices (Singh and Pandey, 2012). The company has attained number of awards for working over such sustainability principles. There are other FMCG confectionery companies also who have taken use of the green and sustainability practices for achieving high market share such as Cadbury. There have been implemented and incorporated green initiatives by the company (talkingretail, 2008). This puts pressure over the innovative practices of the Ferrero as in the green practices there is rising of competitors. Hence, it is recommended that, Ferrero rocher should maintain its innovativeness of green and sustainability practices by having continuous innovation and strategies. So that, other companies cannot gi ve Ferrero a tough competition in this segment. Development of Risk-mitigation plans There are several contingencies which appear suddenly in business operations. It is necessary that the companies must prepare themselves for all those dynamic situations. The contingencies can be in the form of economic instability, change in currency values, high inflation, economic crisis, political instability, etc. Ferrero Rocher is a well-reputed organisation which has massive capital for dealing with such contingencies (Smith, 2013). But as a marketing manager, it is recommended to Ferero Rocher, to build and develop a separate and specific mitigation plan so that any such risks will not impact the organisational performance or sales of the companies. By performing a forecasting of such factors, the company can update itself from the coming challenges and can also save itself through these mitigation plan. Therefore, it is essential to have a strategic and well-defined mitigation plan for having a fruitful sustainability in the market. References Ali, M., Ilyas, M. and Rehman, C.A., 2016.Impact of consumer centric marketing mix elements on consumer buying behavior; an empirical investigation in context of FMCG industry of Pakistan.Kuwait Chapter of the Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review,5(5), p.30. Baos-Caballero, S., Garca-Teruel, P.J. and Martnez-Solano, P., 2014.Working capital management, corporate performance, and financial constraints.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.332-338. Borner, S., Brunetti, A. and Weder, B., 2016.Political credibility and economic development.Springer. Cambieri, G., 2011. FERRERO TO FOCUS ON ORGANIC GROWTH AND EMERGING MARKETS. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.campdenfb.com/article/ferrero-focus-organic-growth-and-emerging-markets Chun, C., 2015. Optimization of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) marketing channels in China: a case study. Davcik, N.S. and Sharma, P., 2015. Impact of product differentiation, marketing investments and brand equity on pricing strategies: A brand level investigation.European Journal of Marketing,49(5/6), pp.760-781. Economictimes, 2013. Brand Equity: Ferrero Rocher in a sweet spot. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-now/brand-equity/brand-equity-ferrero-rocher-in-a-sweet-spot/videoshow/25803616.cms Elyasiani, E., Mester, L.J. and Pagano, M.S., 2014. Large capital infusions, investor reactions, and the return and risk-performance of financial institutions over the business cycle.Journal of Financial Stability,11, pp.62-81. Ferrero, 2016. Ferrero brands, Ferrero Pralines. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.ferrero.com/products/ferrero-pralines/ferrero-pralines-range/ Ferrero, 2016. Ferrero in the world. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.ferrero.com/the-ferrero-group/ferrero-worldwide Ferrero, 2016. Key Figures, Group Growth in 2014/2015. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.ferrero.com/the-ferrero-group/business/key-figures Ferrero, 2016. The core values, The continous commitment of the Group. . Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.ferrero.com/the-ferrero-group/our-values/attention-towards-consumers Ferrero, 2016. The core values. The continous commitment of the Group. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.ferrero.com/the-ferrero-group/our-values/attention-towards-consumers Ferrerocsr, 2015. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.ferrerocsr.com/?lang=en Ferreroindia, 2009. PASSION FOR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.ferreroindia.com/passion-for-research-and-innovation Forbes, 2011. Cadbury, Developing Markets Bearing Fruit For Kraft. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2011/05/24/cadbury-developing-markets-bearing-fruit-for-kraft/#323cd0a4524f Gary, A., 2014.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education India. Kanagal, N.B., 2015. Innovation and product innovation in marketing strategy.Journal of Management and marketing research,18, pp.1-25. Malik, M.A.R., Butt, A.N. and Choi, J.N., 2015. Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self?efficacy, reward importance, and locus of control.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(1), pp.59-74. Malviya, S., 2015. Italian company Ferrero Rocher to invest Rs 367 crore in India. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/italian-company-ferrero-rocher-to-invest-rs-367-crore-in-india/articleshow/49462637.cms Medway, D. and Warnaby, G., 2014. What's in a name? Place branding and toponymic commodification.Environment and Planning A,46(1), pp.153-167. Misbbocconi, 2016. Retail Forum on Customer Centricity. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.misbbocconi.com/news/retail-forum-customer-centricity/ Nestle, 2016. Key Performance Indicators.Accessed on: 18th March, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.nestle.com/csv/performance/kpi-summary Neuwirth, B., 2014. Marketing channel strategies in rural emerging markets.Kellogg School of Management.Available Online,22. Ngonga, L., 2011.Strategic responses of nestle kenya limited to the changing environment of food industry in Kenya(Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Palacios-Marqus, D., Soto-Acosta, P. and Merig, J.M., 2015.Analyzing the effects of technological, organizational and competition factors on Web knowledge exchange in SMEs.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), pp.23-32. Pressreader, 2015. Ferroros Differentiation Strategy to Grow Here. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.pressreader.com/india/economic-times/20150402/282132109951165 Progressive Grocer Bureau, 2015. Product differentiation, innovation drive Ferrero Indias remarkable challenge to Nestle. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.indiaretailing.com/2015/04/13/progressive-grocer/product-differentiation-innovation-drive-ferrero-indias-remarkable-challenge-to-nestle/ Saeidi, S.P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S.P. and Saaeidi, S.A., 2015. How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.341-350. Sarkar, D.N., Kundu, K. and Chaudhuri, H.R., 2016. Constructing a conceptual model of purchase behaviour of village shopkeepersa study of small rural retailers in Eastern India.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,28, pp.1-16. Sharma, P., Davcik, N.S. and Pillai, K.G., 2016.Product innovation as a mediator in the impact of RD expenditure and brand equity on marketing performance.Journal of Business Research,69(12), pp.5662-5669. Singh, P.B. and Pandey, K.K., 2012. Green marketing: Policies and practices for sustainable development.Integral Review,5(1), pp.22-30. Smith, K., 2013.Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster. Routledge. Stiff, P., 2006. Ferrero looks for growth in North America. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.confectionerynews.com/Manufacturers/Ferrero-looks-for-growth-in-North-America Talkingretail, 2008. Cadbury evaluates its green initiatives. Accessed on: 1st May, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.talkingretail.com/category-news/supermarket/cadbury-evaluates-its-green-initiatives/

Marigold HR Plan Essay Example

Marigold HR Plan Essay Ans. 1 HR Planning and Recruitment Planning for Marigold HR planning (Management Study Guide 2012) HR planning which is also referred to as manpower planning includes putting the right number and right kind of people at the right place and time, doing the right things as suitable to achieve organizational goals. It must be done in systems approach and can be carried out by a set of procedures which are as follows: 1 . Analyzing the current manpower: 2. Making future manpower forecasts: 3. Developing employment programs 4. Design training programs We will use the above mentioned steps to arrive at a plan for Marigold. Analyzing the current manpower: Marigold has 75 senior management and 425 middle and Junior executives resulting in a sales team of 500 people. We would require 30 additional resources to achieve the target of 5% increase on revenue in both soap and detergent sector respectively. For this the following things are analyzed- Type of organization: Departments to be catered: Number and quantity of such departments: Employees in these work units Marigold is a FMCG company and the sales and distribution departments are the most important department on Marigold. Sales team is one of the biggest epartments as this is the team that generates revenue and the engine that drives Marigold as the top player in FMCG market. Since Marigold has a large sales force and arriving at a Job profile and Job specifications are very easy as the required resources that need to be hired fall in the same Job description. 2. Making future manpower forecasts: We already know we need 30 new resources 6 higher management and 24 middle or junior level executives. The rationale behind this is to achieve a growth of 5% in soap and detergent sectors. The forecast can be made through the following techniques ) Expert Forecasts: This includes informal decisions, formal expert surveys and Delphi technique. b) Trend Analysis: Manpower needs can be projected through extrapolation (projecting past trends), indexation (using base year as basis), and statistical analysis (central tendency measure). c) Work Load Analysis: It is dependent upon the nature of work load in a department, in a branch or in a division. d) Work Force Analysis: Whenever production and time period has to be analyzed, due allowances have to be made for getting net manpower requirements. ) Other etnoas: several Matnematlcal models, witn tne ala 0T computers are usea to forecast manpower needs, like budget and planning analysis, regression and new venture analysis. We used work load analysis, trend analysis and expert forecast to arrive at the required need of 30 resources. 3. Developing employment programs Once the current inventory is compared with future forecasts, the employment programs can be framed and developed accordingly, which will include recruitment, selection procedures and placement plans. 4. Design training programs These will be based upon extent of diversification, expansion plans, development rograms, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Marigold HR Plan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marigold HR Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marigold HR Plan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Training programs will depend upon the extent of improvement in technology and advancement to take place. It will also be done to improve upon the skills, capabilities, knowledge of the workers. Recruitment planning: Recruitment Planning is a planning for effective sourcing, screening, evaluating, selecting and monitoring for hiring the appropriate candidates for appropriate Jobs. According to Edwin B. Flippo, Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for Jobs in the organization. The Process includes five stages:- Planning. ?Strategy Development. Searching Screening Evaluation and control. Requirement plan for sales executive: Plan of execution for recruitment: First week create a database for recruiting the candidates by internal source and external source. Second week filter the candidate by checking their resume and call the selected candidates for first round for interview, also the candidates role in the organization is made clear as what is expected out of them. In the third week the selected candidates from second week are called and required numbers of candidates are selected as per requirement. In the final week selected candidates are called for induction program where their goals are given. The candidates who are 95 % meeting the requirements we can keep them in buffer candidates list as for Manpower Plan. Requirement plan for sales Manager: The Requirement plan for manager would be different from the sales executive, as tnls post requlres tne experlence as well as tne Knowledge 0T company Tor adaptability of organizational culture. The Plan would be: 1. Internal Job Posting 2. Transfer 3. Internal Referrals 4. Performance screening 5. Interview and selection 6. Poaching Poaching tne well This would help in getting not only the manager level position but also the team that goes along with the manager. In order to achieve the sales target of 5 % more from the market shares it is not going be an easy Job. The recruitment process will play a major in deciding whether those fgures will be achievable. Ans. 2 Appropriate sources of recruiting candidates: There are two types of recruitment: Internal Recruitment. External recruitment. Sources of Recruiting Source: naukrihub. om (2012) Internal Recrultment: Internal recruitment is a recruitment which takes place within the concern or organization. Internal sources of recruitment are readily available to an organization. Internal Sources of Recruiting: Transfers: The employees are transferred from one department to another according to their efficiency and experience. Promotions: The employees are promoted from one department to another with more benefits and greater respons ibility based on their efficiency and experience. Upgrading and Demotion: Upgrading and demoting present employees to higher or lower levels bases on their performance. Deceased/Disabled employees: The Dependents and relatives of deceased employees and disabled employees are lso done by many companies for the betterment of the relative families. Advantages of internal recruitment: Gives existing employees greater opportunity to advance their careers in the business. May help to retain staff that might otherwise leave. Requires a short induction training period. Usually quicker and less expensive than recruiting from outside. Disadvantages of internal recruitment: Limits the number of potential applicants for a Job. External candidates might be better suited / qualified for the Job. Another vacancy will be created that has to be filled. Existing staff may feel they have the automatic right to be promoted, whether or not they are competent. External Recruitment: External sources of recruitment have to be solicited from outside the organization. External sources are external to a concern. But it involves lot of time and money. External Sources of Recruiting: Press advertisement: Advertisements of the vacancy in newspapers and Journals are a widely used source of recruitment. The main advantage of this method is that it has a wide reach. Educational institutes: Various management institutes are a good source of recruiting well qualified xecutives, and staffs etc. They provide facilities for campus interviews and placements. This source is known as Campus Recruitment. Placement agencies: Several private consultancy firms perform recruitment functions on behalf of client companies by charging a fee. These agencies are particularly suitable for recruitment of executives and specialists. It is also known as RPO (Recruitment Process Outsourcing). Employment exchange: ernment esta Dllsnes puDllc employment excnanges tnrougnout tne country. These exchanges provide Job information to Job seekers and help employers in identifying suitable candidates. Labor contractors: Manual workers can be recruited through contractors who maintain close contacts with the source of such workers. This source is used to recruit labor for construction jobs. Unsolicited applicants: Many Job seekers visit the office of well-known companies on their own. Such callers are considered nuisance to the daily work routine of the enterprise. But can help in creating the talent pool or the database of the probable candidates for the organization. Employee referrals/recommendations: Many organizations have structured system where the current employees of the rganization can refer their friends and relatives for some position in their Recruitment at factory gate: Unskilled workers may be recruited at the factory gate these may be employed whenever a permanent worker is absent. More efficient among these may be recruited to fill permanent vacancies. Advantages of external recruitment: Outside people bring in new ideas. Larger pool of workers from which to find the best candidate. People have a wider range of experience. Disadvantages of external recruitment: Longer process. More expensive process due to. Advertisements and interviews required. Selection process may not be effective enough to reveal the best candidate. Ans. 3 Initial Screening Matrix Screening Matrix is a tool which supplies a summary of candidates and qualifications that helps in determining who will proceed through the final assessment or interview process. The Screening Matrix is used to: 1 . Establish objective, Job-related criteria which will be consistently applied to all Applicants and which can be quantifiably measured. 2. Stipulate each qualification on the matrix. 3 Determine IT quallTlcatlons need to oe welgntea Initial Screening: Initial screening is a process to check the candidate(s) by cross references and past data in order to make sure that the person is of sound mind and attitude and does not have a criminal record. Depending on the past, we have to check their academic qualifications also. It should normally be done under a week. Each applicant should be acknowledged immediately. Within one week applicants should receive notification of the receipt of their application or inquiry. Using the developed screening matrix evaluate the applicants applying the established criteria and moving only the qualified applicants to the next level. Rank the candidates and select top applicants for interviews. Critically review the selected group to ensure that qualified pools of candidates will be interviewed. Applicants that are unsuccessful should be notified at this time. And lastly, forward the files of the selected top candidates to be interviewed along with the Interview Questions to be asked to Human Resource Department for compliance review and approval. The screening can be divided into various ratings ranging from A to E with A being the best and E the poorest. Initial Screening Matrix for Junior Middle Level Sales Management: Candidate ame: Candidate no. E-mail id: Interview date: Fields Ratings Remarks c Communication Skill Convincing Skill Knowledge Related Experience Attitude Overall personality Target orientation QuallTlcatlon Parameters: A = Excellent, B = Good, C = Average, D = Satisfactory, E Signature of candidate Signature of Interviewer = Poor Initial Screening Matrix for Senior Level sales Management: Can didate name: Leadership skills Stress handling capacity Managerlal skills Communication skills Convincing skills Selling skills Related experience References: Management Study Guide (2012), Manpower Planning'[online] ttp://www. anagementstudyguide. com/manpower-planning. htm[accessed 18/0112013] Edwin B. Flippo, Naukrihub. com (2012) Recruitment definition, Sources of Recruitment [online] http://www. recruitment. naukrihub. com/meaning-of- recruitment. html [accessed 18/0112013] Tutor2u (2012) Recruitment internal and external [online] http://www. tutor2u. net/business/people/ recruitment_internal_external. asp [accessed 18/0112013] Bibliography: Adhikari, D. R. (1999) Human Resource Management in Nepal: Policies and Practices (1st Edition), Austria: Leopold-Franzens University Agrawal, G. R. (2004) Dynamics of

How You Can Pick the Best SAT Test Locations

How You Can Pick the Best SAT Test Locations SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It may seem like there's not a lot you can do, besides studying, to improve your mental state on the day of the SAT. But there are a few key things that can make a huge difference, and one of them is where you take the test. Why does what SAT test center you choose matter so much? Well, your brain can only focus on math, reading, and writing when everything else is out of the way, and a lot of things that can get in the way have to do with logistics and environment. In this article, we'll discuss the two ways of finding convenient locations for taking the SAT. Where Can I Find the SAT Testing Centers? There are two ways to find SAT test centers. The first is more convenient but more limited, and the second is inconvenient but gives you clearer information. Option 1: Search SAT Testing Centers by State Visit this page for a search form:http://sat.collegeboard.org/register/test-center-code-search I recommend that you choose only the state and don't type in a city. (When you type a city, the site finds SAT test locations in only that city and doesn't include locations in nearby towns). Instead, choose the state, then browse for cities that are close to you. This screen shows the first two SAT centersin Massachusetts that begin with â€Å"A† for the October 2017 SAT test date. The drawbacks to this search method is that you can't search for test centers close to you but in different cities. Furthermore, this doesn't tell you whether these test locations will administer the test on the date that you're planning to take the test, or whether all seats have been taken. The next method solves both these problems. Option 2: Search for SAT Test Centers by Zip Code To find test centers closest to you by zip code, you have to start to register for the test. You don't actually have to complete registration. This method is more cumbersome but also more informative. First, visit this page, and then click "Register for the SAT." After logging in, you'll be taken to your "My SAT" page, which has a blue button labeled "Register for the SAT" on the righthand side. Once you click that button, you'll be taken to a test registration screen. You'll first have to fill out a page with your personal information (including what test date you want). You'll then be able to skip through a number of forms asking for information about your high school experience (no need to put that in now). Finally, you'll end up at section 3, "Select Test Center" At the bottom of this page, you'll see a "search by Zip code" option: This screen gives you a lot more information. First, I can see that SAT testing locations that normally administer the test don't happen to be administering this specific test. If one of these were my high school, I would suddenly have to change my plans. Secondly, there are only a limited number of seats at each location. If you register too late, you can run out. You can see that this method of search is more helpful. Why doesn't the College Board make this more informative option available publicly? Sometimes you have to wonder whether the College Board just likes making things more difficult for families. Which SAT Test Location Should I Choose? Your best choice of test location depends on a few important factors, in order of importance: How far is it, and how long does it take to travel? How familiar are you with the location and layout? Will you know other people at that location? Will that improve or worsen your performance? Are there known problems about the test center that make it problematic? We'll cover each in order. #1: How Far Is It? How Long Does It Take to Get There? The number one issue regarding test location is timing. You want to get there on timethe College Board recommends arriving at the test center no later than 7:45 a.m., unless the Admission Ticket says otherwise. This typically means you'll need to wake up early, maybe earlier than you're used to. For example, if it takes you an hour to drive to the test location, you’ll likely need to wake up around 6AM to have enough time to get energized, eat breakfast, and arrive at the site with time to spare. Keep in mind that the longer it takes to get there, the longer the delay might be. A 10 minute drive might be delayed only by 5 minutes, but a 60 minute drive can be delayed by 30 minutes. Recommendation:Generally try to choose locations that are closer to where you live. #2: How Familiar Are You With the Location and Layout? On the day of the test, you want as little stress as possible so you can fully concentrate on the test. If you've traveled to the location before, then chances are much lower that you'll get confused by directions or run into unexpected construction. On the other hand, traveling to an unfamiliar location might cause you to be stressed, which might not wear off until well into the test. Similarly, knowing the layout of the location is helpful during bathroom breaks. Because you only get a few minutes to use the bathroom and eat a snack, getting lost in the hallways can be anxiety-provoking. Because test centers often don't provide clear signs to the bathroom and back to the classroom, it's possible to lose your way. Recommendation: Choose a location that you’re familiar with, both in travel and layout. If you must choose an unfamiliar location, visit it to get familiar with it, or budget extra time the day of the test to get there earlier and learn the layout. #3: Will You Know Other People at That Location? If you choose your local high school like most students, you’ll likely run into a lot of people you know. Depending on what type of person you are, this can be a good or bad thing. To some, being around friends is helpful. It relieves stress, and chatting during breaks helps them feel less nervous about the importance of the test. To these people, going to an unfamiliar location with strangers actually causes more anxiety and puts them on edge. To others, the opposite is true - being around friends for the SAT is more stressful than being around strangers. You might want as little distraction as possible, and talking to your friends might make you lose concentration You want to relax silently during breaks, but you don’t want to give the impression that you’re rudely brushing off your friends. Plus, what if you take the test in the same room as your crush? It might be hard to take the test with the person close by. Which group do you fit into? Each person is different, so decide accordingly. Recommendation: If being around friends on test day is helpful, register at your high school. If it’s stressful, register elsewhere, keeping in mind the location and layout factors above. #4: Are You Aware of Issues With the Test Center? You'll usually be able to predict problems only if you're taking the test at your high school. Here are problems that you should think about: Temperature control: do you know if the location can maintain a temperature that’s comfortable for you? Or are the thermostats always malfunctioning? Windows: do you tend to feel claustrophobic in this location, and might the presence of windows help you relax? Testing environment: do you know if the location has noises, smells, or other factors that might be distracting? Maybe the desks tend to be uneven, or the chairs uncomfortable? Recommendation: Avoid testing centers with known problems. For most students, they'll take the SAT at their high school, if possible. But this isn't always the best option. Should I Take the SAT At My High School? Most students, if given the choice, take the SAT at their high school. While this does give you automatic familiarity with the building(s) and how to get there, it can have significant mental downsides. You should NOT take the SAT at your high school if: Seeing people you know causes you more stress or makes you break concentration. There's another location that's significantly closer to your home. If you can save 10 minutes or more of travel time, this can be worth it. You already know of problems at your high school, like a nearby construction project. Being in the same environment as where you spend most of your day causes you to lose focus or doze off. I feel strongly about this topic because it made a huge difference for me. When I took my second SAT, all the slots at my high school were full, so I chose a high school about 30 minutes away. The drive was relaxing, and it felt totally neutral, a buffer between the SAT and the rest of my life. My test location didn't feel like school; it was a big concrete building and nothing was familiar, so my mind was a blank slate. The previous year, I'd scored a 1440 (of 1600) on the SAT I took at my own high school. I didn't do any prep between the two SATs I took, but on the test I took half an hour away, I got a perfect score. 5 SAT Test Location Tips #1: Check Your Messages for Cancellation Notifications Read all your mail and email in the weeks leading up to the test.If your test center is canceled for your test date, this is how you will be notified and given an alternative.Your test center might be canceled for a number of reasons.One possible cancellation happens when too few students sign up to test there. If that, or anything else they control, changes, you will be notified and given an alternative. They also cancel locations where weather makes it dangerous for students to travel. In these cases, the cancellation will be announced on Friday night and Saturday morning on this website. #2: Pre-Visit the Test Center If you're registering in an unfamiliar location, consider visiting it days before the test. This will make sure you've traveled the route once before. You can also check out the facilities and environment so you have an idea of what to expect. #3: Structure Your Travel Time If your SAT test center is close by, then great! You'll be able to take more time to sleep and won't have as much time to stress on your way there. If you have to travel 30 minutes or more to get to your SAT test location, though, you might end up wasting the whole trip fretting about the test without actually accomplishing anything. Instead of giving into anxiety, take these three actions: Pack a breakfast to eat on the way there. This can save you some time so you don't have to wake up extra early. Because the ride is long, you have more opportunities to feel anxious. Pack along music that relaxes you and makes you feel confident. Try to review notes on your way there. This will keep your mind tuned, especially since you have to wake up earlier than normal. #4: Make Sure You Select the Right Test Center You can change your testing location after registration, but it'll cost you $28, and by that point seats at other locations might be limited. #5: Be Careful About Taking Tests in a Different State If you live near a state line, you may want to consider which state you'd prefer to take your test in, because their laws differ. Some states mandate reporting scores to scholarship agencies, for example, and California and New York have special rules about the information test-takers must be given. If you want to take the SAT in a different state, make sure you know their regulations! What's Next? Now that you know where to take the test, find out WHEN the best SAT test dates are. What's a good SAT score? Read our step by step guide to figure out what score you should aim for. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Facts About Muscle Tissue

Facts About Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is made of excitable cells that are capable of contraction. Of all the different tissue types (muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous), muscle tissue is the most abundant tissue in most animals, including in humans. Muscle Tissue Types Muscle tissue contains numerous microfilaments composed of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. These proteins are responsible for movement in muscles. The three major types of muscle tissue are: Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle is so named because it is found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat. Cardiac muscle is branched, striated muscle. The heart wall consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Myocardium is the middle muscular layer of the heart. Myocardial muscle fibers carry electrical impulses through the heart that power cardiac conduction.  Skeletal Muscle: Skeletal muscle, which is attached to the bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous system and associated with the bodys voluntary movements. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle. Unlike cardiac muscle, the cells are not branched. Skeletal muscle cells are covered by connective tissue, which protects and supports muscle fiber bundles. Blood vessels and nerves run through the connective tissue, supplying muscle cells with oxygen and nerve impulses that allow for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle is organized into several muscle groups that work in coordination to perform body movements. Some of these groupings include head and neck muscles (facial expressions, chewing, and neck movement), trunk muscles (moving the chest, back, abdomen, and vertebral column), upper extremity muscles (moving the shoulders, arms, hands, and fingers), and lower extremity muscles (moving the legs, ankles, feet, and toes). Visceral (Smooth) Muscle: Visceral muscle is found in various parts of the body including the blood vessels, the bladder, and the digestive tract as well as in many other hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle, most visceral muscle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is under involuntary control. Visceral muscle is also called smooth muscle because it doesnt have cross striations. Visceral muscle contracts slower than skeletal muscle, but the contraction can be sustained over a longer period of time. Organs of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems are lined with smooth muscle. This muscle can be described as rhythmic or tonic. Rhythmic, or phasic, smooth muscle contracts periodically and spends most of the time in a relaxed state. Tonic smooth muscle remains contracted for the majority of the time and only relaxes periodically. Other Facts About Muscle Tissue Adults have a certain number of muscle cells. Through exercise, such as weight lifting, the cells enlarge but the overall number of cells does not increase. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles because we have control over their contraction. Our brains control skeletal muscle movement. However, reflex reactions of skeletal muscle are an exception. These are involuntary reactions to external stimuli. Visceral muscles are involuntary because, for the most part, they are not consciously controlled. Smooth and cardiac muscles are under the control of the peripheral nervous system.

Japanese Attacks on Pearl Harbor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japanese Attacks on Pearl Harbor - Essay Example Pearl Harbor resulted in American participation in World War II. On the next day of attack, US declared war against Japan with equal support of American congress. US did not respond as per the requirements because US had already promised Britain support against Germany. Aim of this paper is to study the reasons that compelled Japan to launch a surprise attack on US naval forces in pacific with a view to study American response to Pearl Harbor attack. Japan moved its aircraft carriers for about 4000 miles deep into the ocean to help the air force to take off for launching attack on Pearl Harbor. The dawn of 7 December 1941 witnessed the destruction of American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor. It was a great the in the history of military combats. Japanese air force launched attack in two waves. Japan used six aircraft carries for launching its air force against the US fleet (Clausen & Lee 2001). Japanese air force played havoc in the first wave and caused sudden destruction of American battleships. Total destruction could not be caused as main air craft carriers of American naval forces were sailing hundred miles away from the Pearl Harbor. Commander Mitsuo led the attack on Pearl Harbor. Attack caused 3500 hundred death and wound injuries to American troops. Eight main battleships including USS Arizona were destroyed in the attack (Borch & Martinez 2005). US Arizona got blasted because of fire in ammunition magazine of the ship and then sunk in a short time. There were numerous objectives behind Japanese attack on pacific fleet. ... US Arizona got blasted because of fire in ammunition magazine of the ship and then sunk in a short time. There were numerous objectives behind Japanese attack on pacific fleet. Main reasons of attack were as under. US president Roosevelt had imposed economic and military sanctions on Japan in retaliation to Chinese invasion by Japan American continuously warned Japan to end the war in China through peaceful negotiations (Prange, et al 1988). All exports of oil, robber and iron were banned on Japan. This started severely damaging economy of Japan. Japan could no longer bear the crippling effects of American sanctions on it s economy and military. Sanctions put real strain on oil supply to Japan as Japan lost more than 90% of oil supplies due to crippling sanctions (Clausen & Lee 2001). These American sanctions filled hatred for Americans in the hearts of Japanese and they started preparing for teaching America a bitter lesson in Pearl Harbor. Breakout of Second World War cleared the w estern intentions towards Japan. Japanese government had noticed western hostilities towards its territory (Wohlstetter 1962). This made Japan more vigilant for its security in the region. Japan never wanted its forces to withdraw from China. US were pressing hard to start negotiations with Chinese authorities to end the conflict. Japan was not ready to take serious notice of American protest against the invasion of China. Japan was keen in expanding its borders for economic needs (Morison 2001). US never wanted expansion of Japan because of its own vested interests in the region. Japan also adopted the diplomatic way to convince US but US did not agree on Japan’s terms. Japan wanted its territorial expansion in Asia, free of American